OpenStreetMap User's Diaries
Dakota/Lakota Writing Systems and Orthography
The Dakota/Lakota language has been a written language for only the most recent chapters of its history. Writing systems for the language were first devised by 19th-century missionaries who sought to promote literacy as a part of encouraging Dakota people to convert to Christianity. These missionaries, especially Stephen Riggs, developed an alphabet based on the Latin Alphabet to represent the s
The Dakota/Lakota language has been a written language for only the most recent chapters of its history. Writing systems for the language were first devised by 19th-century missionaries who sought to promote literacy as a part of encouraging Dakota people to convert to Christianity. These missionaries, especially Stephen Riggs, developed an alphabet based on the Latin Alphabet to represent the sounds present in the language. All widely used methods for writing the language today are based on Riggs’ system with some degree of variation.
There is no single writing system accepted by the vast majority of speaker communities. A variety of systems - or orthographies - exist with varying degrees of popularity, and invididual speakers and teachers often have strong preferences one way or another. Areas of debate include:
- May an orthography make use of special characters (ŋ, ǧ, ḳ, ú) or should writing be done only with characters that can be written with a standard English keyboard?
- The language contains vowels (a, i, u) that may be nasalized or not, depending on context; should the orthography note the difference?
- The language contains consonants (z, c, p, t, k, s) that may be aspirated for a harder sound or unaspirated; should the orthography note the difference?
- The language contains consonants (g, h) that may be guttural or not; should the orthography note when this happens?
- Some words are distinguished from other words only by which syllable is emphasized when the word is spoken e.g. “máġa” is a field while “maġá” is a goose. Should the orthography note which syllable is emphasized or not?
Whatever orthography is best for the learning journey of any given speaker, I believe that for a reference resource like OpenStreetMap it is best to use a writing system that fully explains how to correctly pronounce the words that make up place names. Speakers and learners who learn names from this resource can always choose to copy or remember information without pronunciation marks that they think are unnecessary. However, it is much harder to infer more information when given less; the starting position ought to be the maximum amount of information that we can give.
For this reason, I write Dakota (:dak) place names in the UMN Orthography developed by Carrie Schommer et al. at the University of Minnesota. This orthography is used by Dakota communities in Minnesota and language programs in Sisseton Wahpeton and Wípazoka Wakpa. This orthography fully communicates all possible pronunciation details that exist in the Dakota dialect. As is typical for this orthography, I note syllable emphasis only in the minority of situations when it is not on the second syllable. The way OSM displays means sometimes I have to use ṗ for aspirated-p consonants instead of the more commonly used p̣.
I write Lakota (:lkt) place names in the Standard Lakota Orthography used by the New Lakota Dictionary, Lakota Grammar Handbook, and related resources. This orthography fully communicates all possible pronunciation details that exist in the Lakota dialect. As is typical for this orthography, I note syllable emphasis on every multi-syllable word.
I am aware that there are speakers, teachers and communities that have preferences for orthographies other than these and come down on other sides of the questions above. The method that helps you learn is never the wrong choice, and once you’ve really internalized any one writing system you’re 95% of the way to understanding any of the others. It is my hope that the information I’ve recorded here will be helpful to you, even if you choose to represent it some other way in your own writing.
The Dakota/Lakota language has been a written language for only the most recent chapters of its history. Writing systems for the language were first devised by 19th-century missionaries who sought to promote literacy as a part of encouraging Dakota people to convert to Christianity. These missionaries, especially Stephen Riggs, developed an alphabet based on the Latin Alphabet to represent the s
The Dakota/Lakota language has been a written language for only the most recent chapters of its history. Writing systems for the language were first devised by 19th-century missionaries who sought to promote literacy as a part of encouraging Dakota people to convert to Christianity. These missionaries, especially Stephen Riggs, developed an alphabet based on the Latin Alphabet to represent the sounds present in the language. All widely used methods for writing the language today are based on Riggs’ system with some degree of variation.
There is no single writing system accepted by the vast majority of speaker communities. A variety of systems - or orthographies - exist with varying degrees of popularity, and invididual speakers and teachers often have strong preferences one way or another. Areas of debate include:
- May an orthography make use of special characters (ŋ, ǧ, ḳ, ú) or should writing be done only with characters that can be written with a standard English keyboard?
- The language contains vowels (a, i, u) that may be nasalized or not, depending on context; should the orthography note the difference?
- The language contains consonants (z, c, p, t, k, s) that may be aspirated for a harder sound or unaspirated; should the orthography note the difference?
- The language contains consonants (g, h) that may be guttural or not; should the orthography note when this happens?
- Some words are distinguished from other words only by which syllable is emphasized when the word is spoken e.g. “máġa” is a field while “maġá” is a goose. Should the orthography note which syllable is emphasized or not?
Whatever orthography is best for the learning journey of any given speaker, I believe that for a reference resource like OpenStreetMap it is best to use a writing system that fully explains how to correctly pronounce the words that make up place names. Speakers and learners who learn names from this resource can always choose to copy or remember information without pronunciation marks that they think are unnecessary. However, it is much harder to infer more information when given less; the starting position ought to be the maximum amount of information that we can give.
For this reason, I write Dakota (:dak) place names in the UMN Orthography developed by Carrie Schommer et al. at the University of Minnesota. This orthography is used by Dakota communities in Minnesota and language programs in Sisseton Wahpeton and Wípazoka Wakpa. This orthography fully communicates all possible pronunciation details that exist in the Dakota dialect. As is typical for this orthography, I note syllable emphasis only in the minority of situations when it is not on the second syllable. The way OSM displays means sometimes I have to use ṗ for aspirated-p consonants instead of the more commonly used p̣.
I write Lakota (:lkt) place names in the Standard Lakota Orthography used by the New Lakota Dictionary, Lakota Grammar Handbook, and related resources. This orthography fully communicates all possible pronunciation details that exist in the Lakota dialect. As is typical for this orthography, I note syllable emphasis on every multi-syllable word.
I am aware that there are speakers, teachers and communities that have preferences for orthographies other than these and come down on other sides of the questions above. The method that helps you learn is never the wrong choice, and once you’ve really internalized any one writing system you’re 95% of the way to understanding any of the others. It is my hope that the information I’ve recorded here will be helpful to you, even if you choose to represent it some other way in your own writing.
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